What is software?

-
Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices.Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part. Software is often divided into application software (programs that do work users are directly interested in) and system software (which includes operating systems and any program that supports application software). The term middle ware is sometimes used to describe programming that mediates between application and system software or between two different kinds of application software (for example, sending a remote work request from an application in a computer that has one kind of operating system to an application in a computer with a different operating system). When the first applications of computers in business were introduced in the early 1950s, software was less important (and less costly) in computer systems. Today, software comprises a much larger percentage of the cost of modern computer systems.

                

 Software Crisis

  • no software applications fast enough to keep up with rapidly changing business conditions and   rapidly evolving technologies
  • not only must new applications be developed quickly, but existing software must also be maintained
  • increasing complexity, leads to the increased potential for ”bugs”
  • testing and ”debugging” software is expensive and time-consuming 


Software Fundamentals

  • computer programs sequences of instructions for the computer 
  • programming process of writing (or coding) programs
  • programmers individuals who perform programming 
  • stored program concept in this concept stored programs are accessed and their instructions are executed in the computer’s CPU

Types of Software:

 Software can be generally divided into two categories : 

i. System Software
ii. Application Software

i)System Software:

  • the class of programs that control and support the computer system and its information processing activities
  • facilitates the programming, testing, and debugging of computer programs • usually independent of any specific type of application 
  • support application software by directing the basic functions of the computer System Software can be grouped into two major functional categories:
 a) System Control Program 
 b) System Support Program

 a) System Control Program:

 It control the use of the hardware, software and data resources of a computer system. The main system system control program is the Operating System. The OS supervises the overall operation of the computer, including monitoring the computer’s status and scheduling operations. It allocates CPU time and main memory to programs running on the computer, and also provides an interface between the user and the hardware.
Service Provided by the Operating System :

• Process management
 managing the program or programs running on the processor at a given time
 • Multitasking (or multi programming)
 managing two or more tasks, programs, running on the computer system at the same time
 • Time-sharing
 a number of users operate on-line with the same CPU, but each uses a different input/output terminal
 • Multi threading
 a form of multitasking that focuses on running multiple tasks within a single application simultaneously 
 • Multiprocessing
 a computer system with two or more processors that can run more than one program or thread at a given time by assigning them to different processors 
 • Virtual memory
 simulates more main memory than actually exists in the computer system 
 • File Management and Security
 managing the arrangement of, and access to, files held in secondary storage 
 • Fault Tolerance
 the ability of a system to produce correct results and continue to operate even in the presence of            faults or errors
 • Graphical User Interface (GUI)
   allows users to have direct control of visible objects and actions.

Types of OS 

• Mobile Device Operating Systems
 • Desktop and Notebook Computer Operating System
 • Departmental Server Operating System
 • Enterprise Server Operating System
 • Supercomputer Operating System



b) System Support Programs 

System support programs support the operations, management, and users of a computer system by providing a variety of support services. Example of system support programs are :

 • System utility programs
 accomplish common tasks such as sorting records, checking the integrity of diskettes, creating directories and sub directories, restoring accidentally erased files, locating files within the directory structure, managing memory usage, and redirecting output 
 • System performance monitors
 monitor the processing of jobs on a computer system and produce reports containing detailed statistics concerning the use of system resources
 • System security monitors
 monitor the use of a computer system to protect it and its resources from unauthorized use, fraud, or destruction

Application Software

 Instructions that direct a computer system to perform specific information processing activities and provide functionality for users are called Application Software. Application software, or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-user programs because they enable the user to complete tasks such as creating documents, spreadsheets, databases, and publications, doing online research, sending email, designing graphics, running businesses, and even playing games. Application software is specific to the task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator application or as complex as a word processing application.

                 

 Types of Application Software

 • Proprietary application software
 addresses a specific or unique business need for a company 
 • Off-the-shelf application software
 developed programs sold to many organizations may be customization or may be standard package
 • Personal Application Software
 one of the off-the-shelf application programs that are not linked to any specific business function, but instead support general types of processing.
 it is designed to help individual users increase their productivity various types of personal application software are listed below :

 – Spreadsheets
 – Data Management
 – Word processing
 – Desktop Publishing
 – Graphics
 – Multimedia 
– Communications
 – Speech recognition software
 – Groupware

Software Suites

  • collections of application software packages that integrate the functions of the packages
  • examples : Microsoft Office, Nov ell Perfect Office, and Lotus Smart Suite 
 • generally include : a spreadsheet program, word processor, database program, and graphics package with the ability to move document, data and diagrams among them.

 Software Issues

 i. Software Selection 

Factors to be considered while selecting a software are:
 • size and location of the current and future user base
 • system administration tools
 • initial and subsequent costs 
 • current and future system capabilities 
 • existing computing environment 
 • in-house technical skills 

ii. Software Evaluation

 Quality of a software can be evaluated on the basis of following points: 
 • ease of use in development 
 • maintenance
 • data handling
 • graphic presentation
 • environments and hardware
 • vendor support
 • security
 • documentation
 • output option
 • learning

iii. Software Licensing

 copyright - exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, and sell the software
 licenses - permission granted under the law to engage in an activity otherwise unlawful

 iv. Software Upgrades 

 -revised software may offer valuable enhancements but may offer little in terms of additional capabilities
  -revised software may contain bugs

 v. Shareware, Freeware, and Cheap ware Shareware 

 - low price software Freeware 
 - free copyrighted software Cheap ware
 - free public-domain software

 vi. Open Systems

 a paradigm of computing products that work together use the same operating system with compatible software on all the different computers in a system


Yo can also check this ⇊⇊
If this does not work you can contact me 🌝😃

Comments

  1. angel16 June 2020 at 03:38

    one of the off-the-shelf application programs that are not linked to any specific business function, but instead support general types of processing.

    ReplyDelete

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Amazing Websites On The Internet (Part-1)

-
Image
Amazing website on internet part 2 What Is Internet? Internet is simply called as the global system of interconnected computer network.Computer network is the collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share different types of resources.Usually the connection between computer in a network or internet are made using physical wire or cables,however some connections are wireless using radio waves or infrared signals.WWW(World Wide Web) is the example of internet.Through internet many devices can connect with each other which makes human life more easier faster and comfortable. In Today's world internet is the part of human life.In internet there are many kind of amazing websites present which is helpful as well as interesting to use.Some of them are as follow: This is the first part of the amazing websites on the internet: 1)The website which helps to turn the any kind of black and white photo into colored photo:...
Read more

Making Simple Jackpot Game Using C++

-
Image
What Is C++? C++ is an object oriented programming language which gives focus on object rather than process.In c++ data can be hidden or can make it secrete.The main concept of object oriented programming(c++) is based on objects,which may contain data in the form of field often known as attributes and code.Many of the most widely used programming language that support object oriented programming includes C++,Java,PHP,C#,Ruby etc. C++ is statically typed,compiled,general purpose,case sensitive programming language that supports procedural,object oriented and generic programming. Uses Of C++: C++ is used  by thousand of programmer in essentially every application domain. C++ is being used for teaching and research purpose. It is easy to use and understand as well. Making Simple Jackpot Project Game Using C++: #include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> using namespace std; void Start(); void GetResults(); int i,...
Read more

Corona virus (COVID-19) Myths.

-
Image
Nowadays Corona Virus is Spreading rapidly day by day in all over the world.Many powerful as well as educated countries are also not able to fight against this dangerous Corona virus which is very bad thing.Among this there are various myths about this virus which everyone should know because some myths can be very dangerous to our life. Some myths which is popular among people in all over the world is listed below. Most people who have Corona virus (COVID-19) is recover from it. Drinking alcohol do not prevent you against COVID-19 but it can be dangerous. Thermal scanners cannot detect COVID-19 these are only used to detect the normal fever. In today's date there is no drugs licensed for the treatment or to stop COVID-19. Adding pepper to your daily meal doesn't prevent or cure you against COVID-19. This virus is not transmitted through houseflies so be cool. Drinking chemicals like methanol ,ethanol  doesn't prevent or cure you against COVID-19. 5G mobile network do not s...
Read more